Which of the following is an example of restrictive repetitive behaviors (RRBs)?

Hand flapping is recognized as a form of restrictive repetitive behavior (RRB), which is often exhibited by individuals on the autism spectrum and other developmental disorders. RRBs include a range of behaviors that are characterized by a pattern of repetition and a restricted focus. Hand flapping serves as a means for some individuals to express excitement, self-regulate, or provide sensory input. It is typically seen as a behavior that is performed in a repetitive manner, often with little variation over time.

In contrast, reading books, engaging in conversation, and participating in group activities do not fall under the category of RRBs. Reading is a cognitive activity that involves comprehension and engagement with content, while engaging in conversation involves the exchange of ideas and interaction with others, indicating a level of social flexibility. Participating in group activities highlights social interaction and adaptability, which are not characteristic of RRBs. These activities are generally more varied and dynamic, lacking the repetitive and restricted nature associated with hand flapping and other RRBs.